caddo nation chairman

go to CAREERS Available Positions PDF Caddo Nation Membership Meeting Caddo Nation Headquarters - Zoom July BINGER, Okla. - Members of the Caddo Nation are fighting among themselves at the headquarters near Binger. Washington, DC 20005 Tel: 202.63.2.7003 Fax: . In August 2013, a group led by Philip Smith attempted to recall Brenda Shemayme Edwards, the chairman of the Tribal Council. Prolec GE USA Expands Caddo Parish, Louisiana, Electrical Transformer Manufacturing Facility 04/27/2023 Atlas Roofing Corporation Plans Clinton, Iowa, Shingle Manufacturing Plant . During the 20th century, Caddo leaders such as Melford Williams, Harry Guy, Hubert Halfmoon, and Vernon Hunter have helped shape the tribe. Don is the Owner/President/CEO of CADDO Solutions. Defending tribal sovereignty requires you to show up. Principal Chief Geoffrey Standing Bear, Were hopeful that this inauguration does signal a new day, because the old days arent working for our people or the citizens of Oklahoma. Kraus Reprint Co., 1969. In August 2013, a group led by Philip Smith attempted to recall Brenda Shemayme Edwards, the chairman of the Tribal Council. We immediately began the arduous process of changing over the points of contact and authorized agents thats required for the Nation to apply for this new round of funding. In early times, the people were led by priests, including a head priest, the xinesi, who could commune with spirits residing near Caddo temples. They speak the Caddo language. I later went active duty and soon became a Commissioned Officer and was hired as the Clinic Director of the Anadarko Indian Health Center. PDF Constitution and Bylaws of The They were made by Mississippian ancestors of the historic Caddo and Wichita tribes, in what is considered the westernmost area of the Mississippian culture. Congress passed the Dawes Act to promote assimilation of tribes in Indian Territory. Men favored temporary body modifications such as the painting of skin, jewelry, ear piercing, or hair decorations, like braids, mixed in with bird feathers or animal fur. See blog for more info. The men took over the duties of hunting year round, while the young and healthy women were in charge of the gathering of the tribe. tribal historic preservation office, historic preservation fund. Box 487Binger, OK 73009Phone: 405-656-2344Website, 1714: French trading post at Caddoan village at Natchitodes, 1844: Choctaw expelled the Caddo as "Indian Intruders", 1854: Many moved to Brazos Reserve, Texas, 1859: Removal by Superintendent Robert S. Neighbors, on a reservation near the Washita River in Indian Territory - now Caddo County, Oklahoma, 1861: Signed a treaty with the Confederate States, those loyal to the Union fled to Kansas until 1867, 1865: Caddo were scouts for the U.S. Army, 1872: Caddo-Wichita Reservation established. I am a great-great- granddaughter of Chief Whitebread; great granddaughter to Ralph and Ellen Murrow; granddaughter of Kenneth and Melva Jean Beaver Smith and daughter of Marion Bunky Beaver-Howell. The Caddo group was led by Choctaw Tom who was a Yowani Choctaw married to a Hasinai woman, who was killed in this fight along with twenty-seven other Indians. Dolores Subia BigFoot, PhD ( Caddo Nation of Oklahoma) Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Besides the tools for searching for animals, most tools and items were made by women. So, I believe that if the governor works with the tribes in a manner that we all like to see, I think that the state of Oklahoma could actually create a lot more jobs and and do some great things. Gov. A Caddo woman, Zacado, instructed the tribe in hunting, fishing, home construction, and making clothing. Leslie Halfmoon: lhalfmoon@mycaddonation.com. Chairman Tamara Francis is the daughter of the first elected female chairman, Mary Pat Francis. *ba-`Q5!@I$Q)i\1*YURr*29T Her mother, Mary Pat Francis, was the first elected female chairman of the Caddo. As people and accompanying animals emerged, the wolf looked back. Francis said years of forced assimilation in boarding schools heavily affected the Caddo. In the early 19th century, Caddo people were forced to a reservation in Texas. The link on the year (Year of the Treaty) connects to an online copy of the treaty. The Constitution and By-Laws of the Caddo Nation provides a governing body composed of the Tribal Council: four officers elected at large (Tribal Chairman, Vice-chairman, Secretary, Treasurer) and four District Representatives elected by their districts (Binger, Anadarko, Fort Cobb, Oklahoma City). The American-Democrat from Anadarko, Oklahoma 1 Building the Nation's EV Charging Infrastructure; . Caddo Indians. De Soto's force had a violent clash with one band of Caddo Indians, the Tula people, near present-day Caddo Gap, Arkansas. [9], By 1000 CE, a society that is defined by archaeologists as "Caddoan" had emerged. Click below to see available positions at Caddo Nation. Comanche Nation - SPTHB His wife carried corn and pumpkin seeds. Working together with other tribes and the state in a positive way strengthens all of our communities. Caddo Nation statement on Facebook. These stations attracted more French and other European settlers. (Chairman Francis is the daughter of the first elected female Chairman, Mary Pat Francis. They were loosely affiliated with other neighboring tribes including the Yowani a Choctaw band. After a first term marked by discord with tribal nations, Oklahoma Gov. PDF Caddo Nation Vice-chairman Cdr Kelly Factor, Mph, Bsw Re-elect Why would they go into Mexico first if they didnt know what to expect? Some villages began to gain prominence as ritual centers. The powerful Iroquois took control of hunting grounds in the area. Additional details are given in David Bushnell's Villages of the Algonquian, Siouan and Caddoan Tribes West of the Mississippi. The applicants may be tribal or non-tribal. We prefer to have a relationship of mutual respect, with actions and actual communication. Aug 23, 2019 - Apache Caddo Indian girl, Native Americans, kids, J T Morrow Pow Wow, Binger, Oklahoma. Descendants of the historic Caddo tribes with documentation of at least 1/16 ancestry are eligible to enroll as members in the Caddo Nation. Their ancestors historically inhabited much of what is now East Texas, Louisiana, and portions of southern Arkansas and Oklahoma. -\ 8TH( V"b*@D)1|TZ)M(hnKS9w8a4]u8i\-!du1IrB*B&"EC\QW; Job Postings Caddo Census 2023 Caddo Census 2023 Contact Vice Chairman, Kelly Factor Vice Chairman, Kelly Factor (405) 656-2344 kfactor@mycaddonation.com PO Box 487 Binger, OK 73009 I'd like to hear from you. Contact: The Comanche Nation News P.O. <> On behalf of the Tribal Council, I submit the following activity report for the first 30-days of my Administration. Influenza and malaria also devastated the Caddo. The Caddo were an extremely large tribe, Francis said. [1] [2], Caddo NationP.O. By 1800, the Caddo dominated the regional economy in the Red River Valley through trading with early European settlers. The several Caddo languages have converged into a single language. NV1m7~Fb"m:+ dEzJ.69:Myl>2J;V]nUtYSJBX]ZnfZ0i8^'vQ{ d:. b`~yx/Ke|DsE|~b/-07gze`edCipBJth:x2' tM>puQs#Tld1jC>)C1)h%~:'3N3*:8*MiRRcS@/`-ECOgBp 81d"n t(:hCs1#/g*xE[]q @7[zqLO,H$ RLg_JHHneH ^a.qKbc?JA>@o:fq\[;OeQ73h#Rh5XN8Kx&B9L@ rlq,F:ORxQZ%P`05)k 2}I3%wsU4oM:rKO]>3O$?*L5+Ll82ueLqvEaM),B_]1.{jF1:a@=k{BmF.b35|iHQnt[Qw+MbC=VsF/1 < &YMxz2s6s({4r]1xbn6Z%|>#rpKUWRx9hD3XHH7F}ql'2Z/uTmjX\=-Z5P!,s.KRTqEH4drz"LzlzsFT[[ MIpyWfj3AwEjj,w "EDE>]4 8UNT%hlrWN The two most commonly used dialects today are Hasinai and Hainai. The area for their reservation in East Texas had been lightly settled by Mexican colonists, but there was rapidly increasing immigration of European Americans here. Anyone that tried to stay probably got killed.. Caddo - Study in China 2022 - Wiki English The Iroquois took control of hunting grounds in the area. Francis said years of forced assimilation in boarding schools heavily affected the Caddo. NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS 1441 L St. NW, Suite 9100. PDF Southern Plains Area Office Grantee Website Contact List Community News Employment News, Events, Announcements News, Events, Announcements Williams was an enthusiastic Turkey Dance partner. They were made by Mississippian ancestors of the historic Caddo and Wichita tribes, in what is considered the westernmost point of the Mississippian culture. [11] The Caddo were farmers and enjoyed good growing conditions most of the time. Video update from Caddo Nation Chairman, Bobby Gonzalez, on improvements at the Caddo Convenience Store in Binger, OK, employment and path to economic development. Tejas > Caddo Voices > Caddo Nation Today Chairman Tamara Francis is the daughter of the first elected female Chairman, Mary Pat Francis. 2023 ANNOUNCEMENTS See blog post for full story and photos. This vigilante group led by Captain Peter Garland was a vigilante force from Erath County. Back in August 1997, the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma had submitted a Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) claim . What you know as Caddo today is not what Caddo used to be.. The Caddo Nation was previously known as the Caddo Tribe of Oklahoma. She was re-elected in 2016. The prehistoric Caddo village in southwest Arkansas has a burial ground that contains at least 114 human skulls and 238 additional jawbones. Caddo Indian Memorial - Encyclopedia of Arkansas Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor. It sponsors a summer culture camp for children. 2); b. "A first consideration is the fact that blanket per capita, 'no strings' payments that cannot be linked directly to the burdens of the pandemic may not be lawful under ARPA. In Gov. I have been plain spoken and direct when it comes to Oklahomas relationship with the Cherokee Nation: We are the best friend the state has ever had, we just need to be treated with respect. The Caddo and other Native American peoples suffered greatly from the disruption of their traditional cultures, and lost much of their lands in the decades after allotment. The Wichita and Pawnee are related to the Caddo, as both tribes speak Caddoan languages. This region extends up to the foothills of the Ozarks. The Caddo Nation is the third owner since that time, and the first Native owner. Among these records are: Tribally owned 2,602.64 acres. Poverty, drug abuse and suicide have come of it, she said. French traders built their trading posts and associated forts near Caddo villages. Caddo Nation statement on Facebook Chairman Bobby Gonzalez represented the nation at the inauguration. The Caddo and other Native American peoples suffered greatly from the disruption of the loss of their lands and breakup of their traditional cultures. Bobby Gonzalez is Chairman of the Caddo Nation, a federally recognized Native American tribe in Oklahoma, joined the Fiber Broadband Association for a recent Fiber for Breakfast episode to share his experience with bringing broadband to Indian Country. Chairman Bobby Gonzalez represented the nation at the inauguration. Minority Businessperson of the Year finalist: Don Kelin V. ARTICLE II - PURPOSE . Principal Executive Officer The council consists of: Chairman: Tamara M. Francis Vice-Chairman: Carol D. Ross Caddo oral history of their creation story says the tribe emerged from a cave, called Chahkanina or "the place of crying," located at the confluence of the Red River of the South and Mississippi River in northern present-day Louisiana. The letter and resume must be sent to The Wichita and Affiliated Tribes, Attn: Myles Stephenson Jr., Secretary, P.O. 4 0 obj In the Court of Indian Offenses ("CIO") action: a. They speak the Caddo language. They were descendants of the Caddoan Mississippian culture that constructed huge earthwork mounds at several sites in this territory. French explorers in the early 18th century encountered the Natchitoche in northern Louisiana. That faction obtained emergency injunctive relief to enjoin Plaintiff Brenda Edwards from acting as Chairperson for the Caddo Nation. Frederick Webb Hodge, in his Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, gave a more complete history of the Caddo Nation, with estimations of the population of the tribe at various time periods. In 1880, Wilson became a peyote roadman. 3. Washington. NORMAN Members of the Caddo Nation gathered at the Sam Noble museum Saturday for the annual Caddo Festival, a celebration of their history, art, dances, songs and more. Commissioner Vacancy-Wichita Tax Commission. Their leader, named Moon, instructed the people not to look back. Archeological evidence has confirmed that the cultural continuity is unbroken from prehistory to the present among these peoples. The ancestors of the Caddo Indians were . That's where the tribe hopes to teach the next generation of Caddo about the culture and language they've worked so hard to preserve. 1 0 obj Poverty, drug abuse and suicide have come of it, she said. These wood and clay tools were carved and molded to help with daily jobs like cooking meals for the tribe. Most of the Caddo historically lived in the Piney Woods ecoregion of the United States, divided among the state regions of East Texas, southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and southeastern Oklahoma. Disclaimer: The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) first developed the Tribal Leaders Directory as an internal reference document for its employees. [2] Prior to European contact, they were the Caddoan Mississippian culture, who constructed huge earthwork mounds at several sites in this territory, flourishing about 800 to 1400 CE. This historic event has been marked by the modern town with a monument. They moved west beginning about 1200 CE after years of warfare with the Haudenosaunee nations in the Ohio River area of present-day Kentucky. Married to a Hasinai woman, Tom was killed in this fight, along with 27 Caddo. By 1200, the many villages, hamlets, and farmsteads established throughout the Caddo world had developed extensive maize agriculture, producing a surplus that allowed for greater density of settlement. In 1835, a treaty was signed by then-United States commissioner Jehiel Brooks and the chiefs, head men and warriors of the Caddo Nation of Indians. The Caddo vigorously opposed allotment. The officers of the Tribe shall be the Chairman, Vice-Chairman, Secretary-Treasurer, and two Councilmen. endobj Watch. Caddo - Wikipedia Oklahoma tribal leaders weigh in on Gov. Stitt's second term Chairman Gonzalez provided his update. 67, No. This page has been viewed 20,195 times (4,478 via redirect). Captain Peter Garland from Erath County led this vigilante group. The Europeans carried infections such as smallpox and measles, because these were endemic in their societies. [3] Individuals are required to document at least 1/16 Caddo ancestry in order to enroll as citizens. In the latter two towns, early explorers and settlers kept the original Caddo names of the villages. BOBBY GONZALEZ (Caddo), CNEDA Chairman ZACKEREE KELIN (Cadd0), CNEDA Vice-Chairman DAVID BOGLE (Cherokee) OPERATIONS TEAM DON KELIN (Caddo), Business Advisor Paula Anderson (Caddo/Kiowa), Administrator Meet CNEDA ZACKEREE S. KELIN (CADDO) Zackeree S. Kelin is the founding partner of Davis Kelin Law Firm LLC Contact Us Caddo Nation of Oklahoma added 11 new photos to the album: 2021 Candidates for Caddo Nation Council. Caddo Tribal Council shall be a representative body composed of Chairman. In July 2016, Tamara M. Francis was re-elected as the Chairman of the Caddo Nation. Governor: Ezra DeLodge Date of next election: June 15, 2024 Election Commission: Website Government details Constitution Court Police department Contact information. The Piney Woods, the geographic area where they lived, was affected by the Great Drought from 12761299 CE, which covered an area extending to present-day California and disrupted many Native American cultures. THE CADDO NATION OF OKLAHOMA, and ) BRENDA EDWARDS, in her capacity as ) Chairman of The Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, )) Plaintiffs, )) v. ) Case No. Arkansas In 1859, they were removed to Indian Territory. On the 17th day of the new year of 1938, surviving adult members of the old Caddo Nation's three branchesCaddo, Hasinai,Natchitochesvoted to accept . Regardless of all barriers, Francis said she is working to counteract centuries of federal policies that have put her people at a disadvantage. After the Civil War, the Caddo were concentrated on a reservation located between the Washita and Canadian rivers in Indian Territory. Leonard "Tony" Williams, Chairman 1992. As the Caddo peoples had no acquired immunity to such new diseases, they suffered epidemics with high fatalities that decimated the tribal populations. In July 2016, Tamara M. Francis was re-elected as the Chairman of the Caddo Nation. Caddo Nation of Oklahoma Chairman Ph: 405-656-2344 Website: mycaddonation.com Binger, OK 73009 The Honorable Bobby Gonzalez P. O. Due to the Caddo's neutrality and their importance as a source of information for the Louisiana Territory government, they were left alone. Bobby Gonzalez A+ Tribal Liaison (US) at TC Energy Bobby Gonzalez is a Chairman at Caddo Nation based in Binger, Oklahoma. CADDO NATION VICE-CHAIRMAN Highlights from ONE year in office: Alongside my fellow Caddo council members, we've repatriated the backlog of . ANADARKO, Okla. - As the COVID-19 vaccine now becomes available to children 5 - 11, local tribes are now stressing the importance to vaccinate to keep their communities safe.State tribal and . To respond to the public health emergency with respect to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) or its negative economic impacts, including assistance to households, small businesses, and nonprofits, or aid to impacted industries such as tourism, travel and hospitality; to respond to workers performing essential work during the COVID-19 public health emergency by providing premium pay to eligible workers of that State, territory, or Tribal government that are performing such essential work or by providing grants to eligible employers that have eligible workers who perform essential work; for the provision of government services to the extent of the reduction in revenue of such State, territory, or Tribal governments due to the COVID-19 public health emergency relative to revenues collected in the most recent full fiscal year of the State, territory, or Tribal government prior to the emergency; or, to make necessary investments in water, sewer, or broadband infrastructure. Since its discovery in the 1960s, researchers have debated the meaning of the skull-and-mandible cemetery, as it has come to be known. They made wooden mortars, as well as pots and other utensils out of clay. Caddo Nation CNEDA - Caddo Nation Any tribal lands remaining after such allotments were to be declared "surplus" and sold, including to non-Native Americans. RATIFIED JANUARY 17, 1938 UNITED STATES GOV'ERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. But following Congressional passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 under President Andrew Jackson, the federal government embarked on a program of removal of tribes from the Southeast in order to enable European-American settlement. Fort Cobb Representative: Maureen Owings. The Council consists of Chairman Francis, Vice Chairman Carol D. Ross, Acting Secretary Philip Martin, Treasurer Marilyn McDonald, Oklahoma City Representative Jennifer Wilson, Binger Representative Marilyn Threlkeld, Fort Cobb Representative Maureen Owings. Leaders of at least 12 tribal nations attended his inauguration. When they arrived, conditions were poor. Video Update on Caddo Nation Acquisition, Refresh, Rebranding and Re-Opening of Gracemont convenience store and gas station. John Wilson, a Caddo-Lenape medicine man who spoke only Caddo, was an influential leader in the Ghost Dance. After some period, the adverse effects of these changes were recognized. They were loosely affiliated with other neighboring tribes including the Yowani Choctaw. Additional References to the History of the Tribe and/or Bands, Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs, Federal Register, Vol. Dolores Subia BigFoot (enrolled member of the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma and affiliated with the Northern Cheyenne . Elderly women planted the seeds for the seasons' crop. Caddo Nation Updates o For those who are unable to view the Caddo Nation reports online, you may contact the main office for a copy. They hunted and gathered wild plants, as well. I am a former Caddo Tribal Princess from way back when! This historic event has been marked by the modern town with a monument. The Piney Woods, the geographic area where they lived, was affected by the Great Drought from 1276 to 1299 CE, which covered an area extending to present-day California and disrupted many Native American cultures. The American Rescue Plan Act sets out the categories of spending that tribal governments can lawfully pursue with their allocations. It truly was a I dont care where you go, you just cant stay here. The treaty was careful to ensure that the government did not allot any land for those Caddo forced out of Shreveport and the United States. 2023 www.tennessean.com. Early priests drank a purifying sacrament made of wild olive leaves. The Representatives come from four districts with high populations of Caddo people. THE CADDO INDIAN TRIBE OF OKLAHOMA. [10], The Spiro Mounds, near the Arkansas River in present-day southeastern Oklahoma, were some of the most elaborate mounds in the United States. Caddo | Indian Affairs - Native Americans in the United States In 1880, Wilson became a peyote roadman. An old Caddo man carried with him a drum, a pipe, and fire, all of which have continued to be important religious items to the people. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. A faction supporting Vice-Chairman Phillip Smith, on behalf of the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, filed suit on March 13, 2014, in the Court of Indian Offenses for the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, Anadarko, Oklahoma. I would like to recognize our staff who have taken on additional responsibilities in order to support and meet the needs of our tribal members during this time. This region extends up to the foothills of the Ozarks. Learn more PDF In the United States District Court for The Western District of Oklahoma These tools were viewed with such reverence that men and women were buried with the items that they had made. Home - Wichita and Affiliated Tribes storic Preservation Officer 5 . A lock Chairman NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS 1441 L St. NW, Suite 9100. Here are the candidates for the - Caddo Nation of Oklahoma - Facebook Francis said only 150 to 200 tribal members made it to Oklahoma. It also operates an administrative center, dance grounds, several community centers, the Caddo Nation Heritage Museum, and an active NAGPRA office, located south of Binger. A large part of my position as the Director was not just overseeing staff and projects/programs, but also grant writing. The Caddo Native Americans had a culture that consisted of the hunting and gathering dynamic. As of 2021 the tribal council consists of: The tribe has several programs to invigorate Caddo culture. In July 2016, Tamara M. Francis was re-elected as the Chairman of the Caddo Nation. [20], The Caddo also decorated their bodies. [14] A cycle of ceremonies developed around important periods of seasonal corn cultivation. Cherokee Nation "I have been plain spoken and direct when it comes to Oklahoma's. Terms are for four years. The opposition called the Bureau of Indian Affairs Police. Updated: October 8, 2020. Caddo Nation FamilySearch Timothy K. Perttula. As of 2021 the tribal council consists of: Chairman: Bobby Gonzalez Vice-chairman: Kelly Howell Factor They lived there until they received threats from an anti-Indian group, which forced them to flee to east-central Oklahoma. O R D E R Before the Court is Defendant's Motion to Dismiss and Combined Brief in Support [Doc. Free Tools ; Leads by Industry ; Top Profiles . In July 2016, Tamara M. Francis was re-elected as the Chairman of the Caddo Nation. % The Caddo peoples moved west along the Red River, which they called Bah'hatteno in Caddo. Land-hungry migrants pressed from the east. The majority of records of individuals were those created by the agencies. The flat-topped mounds were arranged around leveled, large, open plazas, which were usually kept swept clean and were often used for ceremonial occasions. My name is Kelly Factor. Some experiences are hard to shake when all seems lost. The Caddo Nation is a confederacy of several Native American tribes who historically inhabited much of what is now East Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. While hunting, the men used handcrafted bows and arrows to hunt animals such as wild turkey, quail, rabbits, bears, and buffalo during winter months. Individuals are required to document at least 1/16 Caddo ancestry in order to enroll as citizens. House Republicans pass US debt bill, push Biden on spending The Caddo tribe remains very active in the Native American Church today. At that time, the US federal government forced the Hasinai and the Kadohadacho, as well as remnants of allied Delaware (Lenape) and Yowani to relocate onto the Brazos Reservation. [9] The Wichita and Pawnee are also related to the Caddo, since both tribes historically spoke Caddoan languages. Read More Leslie Halfmoon: lhalfmoon@mycaddonation.com. I enjoy spending time with my husband, children, and two grandkids. In July 2016, Tamara M. Francis was re-elected as the Chairman of the Caddo Nation. [2] A Caddo woman, Zacado, instructed the tribe in hunting, fishing, building dwellings, and making clothing. <> Tamara Francis-Fourkiller, Chairman. A cycle of ceremonies developed around important periods of corn cultivation. Choctaw Tom led the Caddo. The Tribal Council is composed of eight members: Chairperson, Vice Chairperson, Secretary, Treasurer, Anadarko Representative, Binger Representative, Fort Cobb Representative and an Oklahoma City Representative. May, 13, 1833, referred to in Quapaw Treaty. In the latter two towns, early explorers and settlers kept the original Caddo names of the villages. The Caddo Nation looks forward to a positive working relationship with the state of Oklahoma, Gov. Read More Contact Bobby Gonzalez's Phone Number and Email Last Update 3/13/2023 5:12 AM Email b***@transcanada.com Engage via Email Contact Number (***) ***-**** Engage via Phone Mobile Number (***) ***-**** Engage via Mobile It quickly became one of Indian Affairs' most requested documents, and is now used by federal, state and local governments, news media, businesses, researchers, and the general public as a resource to help them connect with Indian Country. 9 0 obj The Louisiana Purchase was the impetus for the relocation of the Caddo.
Chatbot Vision Statement, Nancy Burnett Packard, Articles C