ebola epidemiological triangle

2016 Jul 14;5:e16412. What is the treatment for Ebola virus disease? Ebola virus disease - WHO PDF Understanding the Epidemiologic Triangle through Infectious Disease - CDC Supportive care and management of complications are mainstays of treatment. PLoS One. Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a deadly zoonotic disease caused by the Ebola virus. Disease outbreak news: Ebola virus disease - Democratic Republic of the Congo. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON404 Ebola virus disease in the light of epidemiological triad There have been advances in the detection and management capacity of outbreaks, and the notification time to the WHO has been reduced. Sanchez A, Geisbert TW, Feldmann H. Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola viruses. The natural history of EVD has shown that the disease may pose a problem to developed countries and may present a thread to individuals. Symptoms usually appear 810 days after exposure, with a range of 221 days. Ebola virus disease - pathogenesis, clinical presentation and management. Outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in the Republic of the Congo, 2003: a new strategy? % Ebola hemorrhagic fever is considered a classic zoonotic disease with the persistence of the Ebola virus in a reservoir species. "Ebola Virus Epidemiology". https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/01/03-0125_article Unfortunately, aside from the Zaire ebolavirus, there is currently no data on the potential reservoirs of the other four Ebola virus species. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. There is no specific treatment approved for EVD. 2004 Jan;10(1):40-7. Published online by Cambridge University Press: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON328. government site. There were 318 cases and 280 deaths, an 88% case fatality rate. Direct comparison of case fatality rates between different Ebola treatment centers and outbreaks should be interpreted with caution as many variables can introduce bias and skew even large cohort data. Epub 2022 Jun 2. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal World Health Organization. Evolution of ebola virus disease from exotic infection to global health priority, Liberia, mid-2014. Clin Microbiol Infect. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! 2022: one case was reported in the DRC on August 21, 2022 in the North Kivu province. [29]World Health Organization. An increase in the frequency of EVD outbreaks across decades was World Health Organization. Sikakulya, Franck Katembo Opens in new window, Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer. Abstract Ebola virus disease (EVD) is one of the most virulent pathogens among viral hemorrhagic fevers affecting economically deprived countries of the world with reported case fatality rates of up to 90% due to multi-organ failure and severe bleeding complications. and transmitted securely. 2011 Jul;17(7):964-76. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03535.x/full, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21722250?tool=bestpractice.com. January 2023 [internet publication]. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Although Ebola caught the worlds attention during the 1995 outbreak in Zaire, the first outbreak occurred in 1976. VOV {Ki%/ ,*uP\u89c \Usr'2wUr{fYFypc(Lv+'TJg,8\fl~>I?lqh8;js3lIr=cBp@@j1M^OXp(' dXtlD`C 1G#?`O?rlXj`e< Bull World Health Organ. Disease outbreak news. Ebola virus disease Democratic Republic of the Congo. The emerging diagnostic technologies, rapid viral characterization, geospatial mapping of EVD transmission, and new treatments and vaccines are discussed. Ebola vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (called Ervebo), https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/local-health-districts/, https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/surveillance-and-investigation/ebola/. Contrasting academic and lay press print coverage of the 2013-2016 Ebola Virus Disease outbreak. 2016 Aug 5;5(1):74. doi: 10.1186/s40249-016-0167-0. The review was undertaken using the key words epidemiology, public health, outbreak control of Ebola virus, EVD, emerging disease, and/or pandemic disease through medical search engines and abstracting databases such as Pubmed, Google Scholar, and websites of international health agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Retrieved on May 01, 2023 from https://www.news-medical.net/health/Ebola-Virus-Epidemiology.aspx. doi: 10.7554/eLife.16412. In humans, the disease is spread through contact with infected bodily fluids leading to haemorrhagic fever (World Health Organization [WHO], 2015). Symptoms of EVD include fever, severe headache, muscle or joint pain, weakness, fatigue, sore throat, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal (stomach) pain, and, in some cases, unexplained hemorrhage (bleeding or bruising). As a transmittable disease, progression of the virus had been thought to be linked to higher probabilities of transmission, and therefore safety of persons in contact with infected patients was in question (Yamin et al., 2015). Ebola Virus Disease: Rapid Diagnosis and Timely Case Reporting are Critical to the Early Response for Outbreak Control. 2 0 obj Recent outbreaks. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted FOIA He, Alexander J. The objective of this work is to study the evolution and progression of the epidemiological presentation profile of Ebola disease outbreaks since its discovery in 1976 to the present, and to explore the possible reasons for this evolution from different perspectives. Do not handle items that might have come in contact with a persons blood or body fluids, such as clothing, bedding, and medical equipment. 1. Ebola health update:north Kivu/Ituri, DRC, 2018-2020. In his spare time, Tomislav is a movie buff and an avid traveler. More active disease surveillance needs to occur. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Ebola Virus Epidemiology. Under the time constraint and scrutinizing public, they had to determine what ebola was, what it did and its effects on the general public. N Engl J Med. In this time the Center for Disease Control spent much time and many resources looking for answers to the many questions they had. There has been a change in the epidemiological profile of the Ebola outbreaks from 1976 through 2019 with an increase in the geographical extent of the outbreaks and the population at risk, as well as a significant decrease in the outbreaks case fatality rate. Non-human primates represent a source of infection for humans, but they are considered an accidental host (akin to humans) and not a reservoir of infection. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The exact source of Ebola infections remains an open question, and despite all the efforts, there remains a lack of clear indicators about the reservoir of the virus. Trop J Med Res 2017;20:1-9, Available at SSRN: If you need immediate assistance, call 877-SSRNHelp (877 777 6435) in the United States, or +1 212 448 2500 outside of the United States, 8:30AM to 6:00PM U.S. Eastern, Monday - Friday. [4]Leroy EM, Gonzalez JP, Baize S. Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever viruses: major scientific advances, but a relatively minor public health threat for Africa. However, there are social, economic, cultural, and political obstacles that continue to greatly hinder a more efficient epidemiological approach to Ebola disease, mainly in Central Africa. Nazimek K, Bociaga-Jasik M, Bryniarski K, Gaas A, Garlicki A, Gawda A, Gawlik G, Gil K, Kosz-Vnenchak M, Mrozek-Budzyn D, Olszanecki R, Piatek A, Zawiliska B, Marcinkiewicz J. The virus was first discovered during an outbreak dated back to the year 1976. Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is the international health emergency paradigm due to its epidemiological presentation pattern, impact on public health, resources necessary for its control, and need for a national and international response. The paper summarizes available evidence regarding the determinants of spread of Ebola virus disease, including health care and community related risk factors. The Epidemiologic Triangle is a model that scientists have developed for studying health problems, specifically to understand infectious diseases and how they spread. Here, we develop modelling methods that capture elements of each of these factors, to predict the risk of Ebola virus disease (EVD) across time and space. Between March and May of 2014, the WHO sent more than 100 experts to aid in the control of the outbreak. The best way to understand the epidemiologic triangle is to see how epidemiologists use it to explain the spread of existing diseases. This page was processed by aws-apollo-l1 in 0.125 seconds, Using these links will ensure access to this page indefinitely. 2022 Dec;11(1):1635-1646. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2086072. } The Ebola virus disease is an epidemic that has returned to claim more lives than one can count. 2021. The Epidemiological Triangle is a model that scientists have developed to understand infectious diseases and how they spread is the Epidemiological Triangle. What are the benefits of exercise on cardiovascular health? and around 20% in patients managed outside West Africa. The Ebola outbreak. Epidemiologic Triad- Agent, Host, Environment - The Biology Notes Disease outbreak news: Ebola virus disease - Democratic Republic of the Congo. Some observations have shown the decrease in case fatality ratio after several generations of patient-to-patient passage. May 2021 [internet publication]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23285243?tool=bestpractice.com, 2022: an outbreak ofSudan ebolavirusdisease in Uganda started on September 20, 2022 and was declared over on January 11, 2023, with a total of 142 confirmed cases and 55 deaths (case fatality rate 39%). https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON398. ??accessibility.screen-reader.external-link_en_US?? , The WHO declares an outbreak is over when no confirmed or probable cases are detected for a period of 42 days (i.e., twice the maximum incubation period) since the last potential exposure to the last case occurred; however, WHO recommends heightened surveillance and response activities during the 42-day period and for at least 6 months after. Epidemiology of the Ebola Virus: Facts and Hypotheses However, bats are frequent residents in equatorial Africa, where they are even hunted for food. A man by the name of Thomas Eric Duncan boarded flight 822 from Liberia to Dallas, Texas. WHO Ebola Response Team. Care of people with Ebola is difficult and varied due to the highly infectious and often fatal nature of the disease. Ebola virus disease - Democratic Republic of the Congo. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/who-recommended-criteria-for-declaring-the-end-of-the-ebola-virus-disease-outbreak. Epub 2015 Jul 14. Disease outbreak news: Ebola virus disease - Democratic Republic of the Congo. On March 25, 2014 the World Health Organization(WHO) announced the outbreak of a new strain of the Ebola virus disease with 86 suspected cases[15]. The virus's relatively unique structure, its infectivity and lethality, the difficulty in stopping its. ), Marburg and Ebola virus infections in laboratory non-human primates: a literature review, Ebola: The Natural and Human History of a Deadly Virus, Ebola virus disease in southern Sudan: hospital dissemination and intrafamilial spread, Isolation and partial characterization of a new strain of Ebola virus, Ebola hemorrhagic fever: Tandala, Zaire, 1977-1978, The reemergence of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995, Emergence of divergent Zaire Ebola virus strains in Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2007 and 2008, Ebola Virus Disease in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Gabon, 1994-1997: epidemiologic and health control issues, Outbreak(s) of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Congo and Gabon, October 2001-July, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Outbreak of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever - Uganda, August 2000-January 2001, Outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Uganda, August 2000-January 2001, Filovirus outbreak detection and surveillance: lessons from Bundibugyo, Reemerging Sudan Ebola Virus Disease in Uganda, 2011, Managing Ebola from rural to urban slum settings: experiences from Uganda. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON325, 2020: the eleventh outbreak in the DRC started on June 1, 2020 in the quateur province and was declared over on November 18, 2020, with a total of 130 cases and 55 deaths (case fatality rate 42%). and facts. Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Ebola Virus Disease in Sierra Leone % There has been an acute worry roaming about the United States concerning the Ebola Outbreak. Most human infections during outbreaks usually occur by direct contact with infected patients or cadavers. The following are the elements that make up the Epidemiological Triangle for Ebola. Disease outbreak news. (2021, March 28). During this time, the WHO continued meeting with government leaders in West Africa, AFRO representatives, and relevant organizations including the CDC and MSF. Since discovered, there have been known cases in Africa. Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a serious, often fatal disease caused by the Ebolavirus, a virus of the Filoviridae family, capable of infecting multiple species of primates, including humans. 3 0 obj Many of these symptoms are also present with other more common diseases, such as malaria and typhoid fever. Disease outbreak news: Ebola virus disease - Democratic Republic of the Congo. Tasks: Review the Ebola materials assembled for you by a team of experts and then use what you've learned to create a strategy to stop the outbreak. "Ebola Virus Epidemiology". Polish Academy of Sciences & Jagiellonian University Medical College. Annu Rev Virol. There are four different strains of the Ebola virus that cause disease in people: Ebola virus (Zaire ebolavirus); Sudan virus (Sudan ebolavirus); Ta Forest virus (Ta Forest ebolavirus, formerly Cte dIvoire ebolavirus); and Bundibugyo virus (Bundibugyo ebolavirus). and transmitted securely. Organize key facts from your research by agent, host and environment. 1978;56(2):271-93. Spread to Liberia and Sierra Leone. The Epidemiological Triangle the strategic model designed to contain outbreaks Center for Disease Control (CDC) | The Epidemiologic Triangle | Informational text The CDC is the nation's. World Health Organization. Before Metrovi, Tomislav. January 2023 [internet publication]. Kaur, Gurmeet and Sachdeva, Sandeep and Jha, Diwakar and Sulania, Anika, Ebola Virus Disease in the Light of Epidemiological Triad (January 12, 2017). MeSH https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease. As the Ebola virus in the reservoir might present in a subclinical or asymptomatic way, there is a possibility of sporadic activation via appropriate stimuli such as stress, changes in food. [37]World Health Organization. xna%b83EtbQ,@.%dWg8Ci%aI$\7_wo>|r)oo7xy!RH"dsy{q&|/~h'n31;@.>aP19z2"rphVh0lGmY3/KlH1ZC0L^[`|C4ryDpX{exve&X$o+@Plp{An22P03R_2kP#PO-r7_Dn~+ZV0YVVv~U~i[eQxyn; -DBF)%9"v! According to a World Health Organization report, the epidemiological features of Ebola virus disease (EVD) have changed significantly in West Africa. Peterson AT, Bauer JT, Mills JN. Kilgore PE, Grabenstein JD, Salim AM, Rybak M. Pharmacotherapy. In June, MSF called for the WHO to increase its response. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. * A suspected case (evaluated by a clinician) or person who died from suspected EVD and had an epidemiological link to a confirmed case (but was not tested and did not have laboratory confirmation of the disease) becomes PROBABLE. Has data issue: false PDF Ebola outbreak: the Epidemiologic Triangle informational text - PBS Click on the Sign button and create an e-signature. Epub 2021 Mar 18. 2015 Feb 5;372(6):587-8. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1413685, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25539447?tool=bestpractice.com. Ansumana R, Jacobsen KH, Idris M, et al. Disease outbreak news. falling to 31.5% in some treatment centers in West Africa,[27]Ansumana R, Jacobsen KH, Idris M, et al. As each country must strengthen its preparedness and response system to prevent eventual Ebola outbreaks in the future, adequate knowledge about the ecology and transmission of this disease is of the uttermost importance. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON351. The triangle has three corners (vertices): Ebola is not spread through the air (for example, by coughing or sneezing), by water, or through cooked food. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Avoid participation in funeral or burial rituals that require handling a dead body. Reporting time of the first cases of Ebola to WHO has been reduced (P = .017) and case fatality (P = .028) has gone from 88% to 62% in the period studied. The epidemiology of human pathogenic filovirus is reviewed in this paper considering the most relevant facts. Although the latter species was also a suspected cause of a deadly outbreak in pigs in the People's Republic of China and the Philippines, experiments have shown that it does not cause disease in porcine populations. Disclaimer. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease, 2014-2016: the worlds largest outbreak started in the DRC in 2014 and finished in 2016, with over 28,000 cases and 11,000 deaths (case fatality rate 46%). Still, pigs can act as an amplifying host, thus potential transmission routes need to be further addressed. Woolsey C, Fears AC, Borisevich V, Agans KN, Dobias NS, Prasad AN, Deer DJ, Geisbert JB, Fenton KA, Geisbert TW, Cross RW. This was the first outbreak caused bySudan ebolavirus in Uganda since 2012.[29]World Health Organization. Jun 2021 [internet publication]. January 2023 [internet publication]. The Reston ebolavirus is dangerous for crab-eating macaque (cynomolgus) monkeys, which were farmed in the Philippines and subsequently imported into the United States and Italy. There are several steps to take to prevent EVD when living in or traveling to an area with EVD: The FDA approved the Ebola vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (called Ervebo) on December 19, 2019. Origins of the Ebola epidemic - WHO Ebola virus disease (EVD) is one of the most virulent pathogens among viral hemorrhagic fevers affecting economically deprived countries of the world with reported case fatality rates of up to 90% due to multi-organ failure and severe bleeding complications. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. World Health Organization. 01 May 2023. Although the virus is not transmitted via food or water, and the proper cooking of foods should inactivate infectious particles, ingestion of contaminated food may represent a possible route of exposure in natural infections. 2014 Oct 16;371(16):1481-95. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100#t=article, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25244186?tool=bestpractice.com. The Ebola-Zaire subtype is the most lethal variant. <> It was first reported in March 2014, and is the largest outbreak since the virus was first discovered in 1976. 2017 Jun 22;12(6):e0179356. 1 0 obj Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Model-based evaluation of the impact of prophylactic vaccination applied to Ebola epidemics in Sierra Leone and Democratic Republic of Congo. The first cases of Ebola virus infection were reported in Zaire (now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo [DRC]) in 1976. An official website of the United States government. Ebola Virus Disease in the Light of Epidemiological Triad - SSRN The virus enters the body through broken skin, through the eyes, nose or mouth, or through sexual contact. For instance, care can occur through traditional healers, the home, primary health care facilities and hospitals (Manguvo, A & Mafuvadze, B 2015, p. 2). Margaret Chan, the Director-General of the WHO responded by upgrading the outbreak a Level 3 emergency. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Those vertices are "agent," "host," and "environment." CHAPTER 2 - Retrospective studies conducted by WHO staff and Guinean health officials identified the index case . https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON351, 2021: a small outbreak was reported in Guinea on February 14, 2021 and was declared over on June 19, 2021, with a total of 23 cases and 12 deaths (case fatality rate 52%). Where a individual seeks care depends on the level of trust in the healthcare system, accessibility and abundance of healthcare facilities, financial and economic stance and cultural beliefs (WHO 2016). Such an idea was supported by experimental studies in African plants and animals that resulted in the transmission of the Zaire Ebola virus to African fruit and insectivorous bats, although a conclusive link could not be established. Your feedback has been submitted successfully. This manuscript review and update current knowledge with regard to epidemiology of EVD problem statement, historical perspective, agent, host, environment, reservoir of infection, routes of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, management, and control. Ebola is a problem in our society today. [31]World Health Organization. Nov 2020[internet publication]. This can happen when a person touches the infected body fluids or objects that are contaminated with them, such as medical equipment like needles and syringes. Ebola Report: Timeline | About | CDC Avoid contact with semen from a man who had EVD until you know the virus is gone from the semen. These variables play a role in the spread of the virus in human populations. Medecins Sans Frontiers (2014) says, It is a highly infectious virus that can kill up to 90 percent of the people who catch it (Ebola Emergency, n.d.). and About three hundred people in each of the two nations were infected with the virus, resulting in a mortality rate of 88% in Zaire, and 53% in Sudan (Bulletin of the WHO 1978). [25]Peterson AT, Bauer JT, Mills JN. Healthcare workers, family, and friends in close contact with the diseased are at the highest risk of getting infected, due to close contact with blood or other bodily fluids. This virus was formerly known as the hemorrhagic fever.
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