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var. - 148.251.123.50. After the beginning of the 21st century, outbreaks of pests and diseases, including Lygocoris lucorum, Euzophera batangensis, Ceratitis capitata, jujube flies, fruit cracking, and fruit shrinking, have become increasingly severe102,110,111,112,113,114. Liu, P. et al. The Air-Pot Google Scholar. Qi, Y. Agric. J. Polym. Li, X., Peng, D., Zhang, C. & Dong, X. Nutrient quality analysis of Yellow River jujube. What Makes a Root Produce a Sucker? Xu, C. et al. Liu, X., Chen, L., Wang, J., Li, L. & Peng, J. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-00346-5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-00346-5. Univ. cv. PubMed Central Pap. 3). In addition, the distinct trait of the bearing shoot falling in winter is related to the ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) pathways12. Forests10, 392 (2019). PLoS ONE11, e0154212 (2016). Agrofor Syst 31:181198, Schroth G, Poidy N, Morshauser T, Zech W (1995) Effects of different methods of soil tillage and biomass application on crop yields and soil properties in agroforestry with high tree competition. Sci.32, 12531257 (2015). Zhang, Z., Huang, J. Acta Hortic.993, 209213 (2013). This work was financially supported by the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (Project No. Scientific Debates Cluj-Horticulture XX, UAMV Cluj-Napoca, 236238 (1997). Resour.12, 539545 (2011). CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 6177, Atkinson D, Johnson MG, Mattam D, Mercer ER (1978) The effect of orchard soil management on the uptake of nitrogen by established apple trees. J. Ningxia Agric. Jinsixiaozao. Shi, Y. et al. Identifying the genetic diversity, genetic structure and a core collection of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. In addition, the International Cultivar Registration Center for the Ziziphus genus was established in 2014 at the Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University under the authorization of the International Society of Horticultural Sciences. Genome-wide identification and analysis of MAPK and MAPKK gene family in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). lageniformis Nakai, Z. jujuba Mill. Solar greenhouse cultivation techniques for table cultivars of Chinese jujube in Taihang mountain area. The RLD of 6-year-old jujube intercropped with wheat at different soil depths was influenced by intercropping to a smaller extent than in other jujube/wheat intercropping combinations. According to leaf fossils, jujube appeared in northern China 24 million years ago. ), or Chinese date, is the most important species of Rhamnaceae, a large cosmopolitan family, and is one of the oldest cultivated fruit trees in the world. The basic ideas for jujube research in the future are as follows: serve the producers, consumers, marketers, government, and society at the same time; learn from experiences with other fruit trees; align with modern global agricultural development, including the reduction of chemical pesticides and environmentally friendly approaches153; carry out innovative research in various fields, multiple levels, and through whole industrial chains; and strongly support the advancement of science and technology for the jujube industry in the new era. Chara cterization of a pectic polysaccharide from the fruit of Ziziphus jujuba. spinosa Hu), four viewpoints have been reported66, i.e., that they are the same species, that jujube is a variety of sour jujube, that sour jujube is a variety of jujube, or that they are two different species. J. Wuhan. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Food Res. J. Hort. var. Dongzao). Wang, L. et al. Fresh keeping and changes in some physiological indexes of Chinese Dongzao jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) Sci. Food Sci.37, 8385 (2012). J. Agric. BMC Genom.20, 568 (2019). & Liu, M. HPLC determination of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid in Chinese jujube. Changing host photosynthetic, carbohydrate and energy metabolisms play important roles in phytoplasma infection. For Ecol Manag 83:171180, Dhima KV, Lithourgidis AS, Vasilakoglou LB, Dordsas CA (2007) Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercrops in two seeding ratios. Using the genome data, 511 pairs of SSR primers showing high polymorphism were screened and applied for the identification of large-scale hybrid progeny and a genetic diversity analysis18,19,20. Jujube fruits are eaten fresh, dried, boiled, stewed, and baked and are used to flavour tea. Anther/pollen culture has also been practiced in jujube, and some plants have been generated from pollen73,83. Generally, growers prefer fruit trees that crop early, reach high and stable yields quickly, and have light pest pressure, easy management, low cultivation costs, and high economic benefits. (1) Fundamental research is still weak, and the role of research in supporting major technological innovations is not strong enough. Lingwuchangzao for Protected Cultivation. Plant Cell Tiss. Univ. Sci. It would take some serious pruning to keep the tree at a small size and to keep the root system managed. Sci.21, 414418 (2004). Around 79.9 million years ago, jujube diverged from the families Moraceae and Cannabaceae12. Bring to a moderate boil and simmer for 20 minutes, let cool, then boil for another 20 minutes. Spectrosc. Jujube tree needs to change its pots when it is young, turning pots and changing soil. Acta Hortic. Pap. Fourth, jujube can satisfactorily meet the concerns and needs of the government and the public. Research methods should become more synergistic and internationalized. Bare root trees should be planted the same depth as in the nursery row (or no more than 1-inch below). In addition, due to the economic decline of the comparative benefits of jujube, jujube witches broom is becoming serious again in orchards due to poor management. The ethylene and ABA pathways are involved in regulating jujube fruit ripening30,31. Liu, Z. et al. Plant Breed.16, 33953400 (2018). J. Tarim. Liu, M. The challenges and countermeasures of jujube industry during transition period. The male sterility and kernelless traits are controlled by homozygous recessive genes, and some QTL loci of quantitative traits have also been identified92,93,94,95. and Ziziphus acidojujuba Cheng et Liu as the proper scientific names for the jujube genus, the jujube and the sour jujube, respectively10,65,66,67,68,69. A number of excellent accessions have been identified, including triploid genotypes such as Zanhuangdazao38, Pingguozao39, Jinglinyihaozao, Shanxitedage, Hengshuibianzhizao, Zhenhuluzao40; the mixoploid genotype Dongzao 241; the male-sterile germplasms JMS1 and JMS242; the self-fruitless and self-sterile germplasms Huizao, Jinsixiaozao 39, Yuanlingzao, and Xiangzao43; the tortuous-branch Dongzao44; the seedless germplasm Wuhexiaozao; genotypes that are highly resistant to witches broom disease such as Xingguang45,46; and genotypes that are rich in functional nutrients47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54. The use of Paliurus hemsleyanus Rehd. J.W. Chen, Y. L. & Schirarend, C. Rhamnaceae. Bu, J., Zhao, J. PDF Competitive interaction in jujube tree/cotton agroforestry system in Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 2379), better known as Pliny the Elder, mentioned in his Historia Naturalis that a counselor of the Roman Emperor Octavian Augustus introduced the Chinese date (jujube) for the first time from Syria to Italy; from there it was distributed to other Mediterranean countries and around the Black Sea basin13,14. Evaluation of five natural variants materials from ziziphus jujuba Mill. Jinsixiaozao hort. J. jujuba Mill. Root distribution and interactions in jujube tree/wheat agroforestry system. Chen, Z., Wang, R., Qi, S., Wang, C. & Yan, H. Preliminary studies on the storage of Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill) in fresh state II. Ser. Shanxi. Biotechnol.83, 305308 (2008). To date, more than 95% of jujube production is still concentrated in China, and scientific research on jujube is also mainly carried out in China. These findings may partly explain the interspecific competition effects in jujube tree/wheat agroforestry systems. p Wang, H. et al. PubMed In the past 30 years, a total of ~200 new cultivars with large fruit, good fruit quality, high resistance to diseases, and varying uses and maturity times were released through polyploid breeding or selection from seedlings, bud mutants, and local germplasms2. Chinese jujube is an important multi-purpose fruit tree in Asia. Research objectives should be more advanced and diversified. PLoS ONE9, e109850 (2014). The jujube tree is the main cash crop and wheat is a primary food crop and both are harvested once a year in south Xinjiang. It only needs light pruning because of its unique self-pruning habits: fruit-bearing shoots fall off in the fall, mother-bearing shoots extend only ~1mm a year, secondary shoots die back year by year, and only the tops of the primary shoots can extend (Fig. Acta Hortic. Wang, Z., Han, H., Liu, M., Zhang, X. Deciduous fruit. Liu, M. & Wang, M. Germplasm Resources of Chinese Jujube (China Forestry Publishing House, 2009). Resour.10, 121125 (2009). Jujube fruit can become a part of international markets and a future popular superfruit. Liu, M. & Cheng, C. A taxonomy study on the genus Ziziphus. Since the 1950s, the biological characteristics of jujube have been studied comprehensively, and a complete theoretical system had been formed by the 1990s1,101. Hao, Z., Dai, L., Wang, J., Wu, X. These techniques effectively solve the problem of a short supply period for open field cultivation and can increases revenues by 35 times. & Liu, M. Analysis of triterpenoid acids in Chinese jujube. BMC Plant Biol.19, 189 (2019). How To Grow A Jujube Tree {A Guide} In: Ong CK, Huxley P (eds) Treecrop interactions: a physiological approach. Study on cultivated model of high efficiency and cultivated techniques for Ziziphus jujuba Mill.cv Dongzao in Dali. cv. Exp. Hu, F. Study on Four Main Functional Components of Chinese Jujube. Ciceoi, R., Dobrin, I., Mardare, E. S., Dicianu, E. D. & Stnic, F. Emerging pests of Ziziphus jujuba crop in. Water thoroughly and keep the pot in partial shade for the first few weeks to minimize transplant shock, then move to a location with full sun. Correspondence to Spatial distribution of root length density (RLD, cm 125 cm) in a jujube trees grown alone for 5 years, b 5-year-old jujube trees intercropped with wheat, c jujube tree grown alone for 7 . They don't have much need for fertilizers, and just some mulching with organic matter will do an excellent job of feeding your Jujube tree once it's a few years old. The established germplasm platforms include the following: (1) Internet Information System for Perennial and Asexual Crop Germplasm Resources (http://www.ziyuanpu.net.cn/), which includes the data observed for many years at the National Jujube Repository in Taigu, Shanxi, China; (2) Chinese Crop Germplasm Resources Information Systemjujube (http://www.cgris.net/query/croplist.php), where germplasm checking and analysis can be performed; and. Internet Explorer). J. Anhui Agric. Su, C., Liu, X., Yan, C., Bai., X. Agrofor Syst 55:125137, Garca-Barrios L, Ong CK (2004) Ecological interactions in simultaneous agroforestry systems in the tropics: management lessons. More than 95% of grafts take successfully if scion wood is coated with a thin layer of wax. Agrofor Syst 61:221236, Gillespie AR, Jose S, Mengel DB, Hoover WL, Pope PE, Seifert JR, Biehle DJ, Stall T, Benjamin TJ (2000) Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the midwestern USA. Zhang, C., Huang, J., Yin, X., Lian, C. & Li, X. Ecol Eng 29:319328, Imo M, Timmer VR (2002) Growth and nutritional interactions of nutrient-loaded black spruce seedlings with greenhouse natural vegetation under greenhouse conditions. Yan, X., Wang, W., Liu, M., & Zhao, Z. Jujube | Description, Tree, Fruit, & Species Cymosiflora Cheng et Liu and Ser. & Ma, Z. Xie, W., Ding, C. & Song, Y. The Indian, or cottony, jujube (Z. mauritiana) differs from the common jujube in having leaves that are woolly beneath instead of smooth. A series of gene families and metabolisms responsive to phytoplasma infection were studied, showing that photosynthetic, carbohydrate, and energy metabolism play crucial roles during phytoplasma infection33 and that the MAPK-WRKY pathway is responsive to phytoplasma stress23,24,32. affirmed Ziziphus (rather than Zizyphus), Z. jujuba Mill. A set of new propagation approaches has been developed on the basis of traditional sucker division. It has a very low chilling requirement and is suitable for protected cultivation. The major requirements to meet farmers needs are reducing inputs, increasing output and accelerating economic returns. The biological characteristics of jujube are basically understood1. However, in addition to the storage conditions, the duration of fresh jujube storage and the percentage of fruit losses are also influenced by the preharvest cultivation technology and directly by the pathogen load on the fruit in the orchard14,100,113,127,128. Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding (2011). fruits in China. Org.121, 423433 (2015). This chapter focuses on the disease management using antibiotics and resistant . Under Z. jujuba Mill., five forms have been reported, i.e., f. tortuosa Cheng et Liu (Z. jujuba Mill. Front. Propagating jujubes. Sin.41, 21152124 (2014). A further cluster analysis of isoenzymes, palynology, and DNA showed that some jujube cultivars and sour jujube genotypes were usually clustered together instead of being totally separated58,59,60, indicating that there are probably several evolutionary pathways from sour jujube to jujube. We would like to thank Mr. Robert Heyduck from New Mexico State University for his review of this paper before submission. Phytopathology108, 10671077 (2018). Moreover, they cannot be adapted to large-scale, mechanized, and labor-saving operations in the future, nor can they meet the demands for high-quality, safe, and high-end products. The crisp white pulp surrounds a single large pointed stone. var. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). PLoS Genet.12, e1006433 (2016). Research results should be more original and advanced. Plastic house and Chinese solar greenhouse cultivation (a plastic house with thick back wall as a thermal mass) have been successful in North China and have formed large-scale production regions of over 10,000ha in Dali County in Shaanxi Province and Linyi County in Shanxi Province in China. Roman. . According to the authors investigation in Iran, all the jujube trees that were hundreds of years old were located at key sites on the ancient Silk Road, and Iranian scholars report that the jujube was introduced from China. Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Both species thrive in hot dry climates where winter temperatures do not go below 9.4 C (49 F). var. . Liu, M. Advances in taxonomy study on the genus Ziziphus. There appear to be at least 2, 16, and 6 scientific names for the jujube genus, the jujube and the sour jujube, respectively, due to different classification viewpoints and poor academic exchange in the past. Silvae Sin.45, 4449 (2009). The overall objective should be to meet the various needs of farmers, processers, marketers and consumers. By the Han Dynasty (~2000 YA), jujube cultivation had spread throughout North and South China into large commercial cultivation regions and had become the main source of national taxes, with special officials regulating jujube production.
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